The history of the American West is replete with figures whose bravery and commitment to justice carved a path through lawlessness. Among these, Sam Sixkiller stands out as one of the most remarkable and dedicated lawmen in the tumultuous Indian Territory. His life story, though tragically cut short, exemplifies the challenges and heroism of those who sought to bring order to a rapidly changing frontier. Sam Sixkiller’s career as a multi-jurisdictional law enforcement officer left an indelible mark on the region and the history of law and order.
Born in 1842 in the Going Snake District, an area now recognized as Adair County within the Cherokee Nation, Sam Sixkiller’s early life was deeply rooted in the traditions of his people. The mid-19th century was a period of significant upheaval, and like many of his generation, Sixkiller found himself caught in the maelstrom of the American Civil War. At the age of 19, demonstrating his innate courage and loyalty, he enlisted in a Union Indian artillery company. This unit was notably commanded by his father, 1st Lieutenant Redbird Sixkiller, highlighting a family legacy of service and leadership. His experiences during the war undoubtedly shaped his resilience and strategic thinking, qualities that would serve him well in his subsequent career as a lawman.
The Rise of a Frontier Lawman
Following the Civil War, Sam Sixkiller’s commitment to public service continued to grow. His integrity and capability were quickly recognized within the Cherokee Nation. By 1875, his reputation had earned him a prestigious dual appointment: high sheriff of the Cherokee Nation and warden of the National Penitentiary. These roles placed him at the forefront of maintaining peace and order within his tribal lands, dealing with complex legal issues and the administration of justice.
His influence expanded significantly in February 1880, when he was appointed the first captain of the newly formed United States Indian Police. Headquartered in Muskogee, Indian Territory, this position granted him broader authority to tackle the pervasive lawlessness that plagued the region. To further enhance his capabilities, Sixkiller also held a U.S. Deputy Marshal’s commission. This critical authority allowed him to pursue criminals beyond the borders of Indian Territory, extending his jurisdiction into the neighboring states of Texas, Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas. This cross-jurisdictional power was essential for combating the fluid nature of frontier crime, where outlaws often fled across state lines to evade capture.
Adding to his impressive array of responsibilities, Sixkiller also served as a special agent for the Missouri-Pacific Railroad. This unique appointment provided him with unparalleled access to any railroad property, a crucial advantage in pursuing train robbers and other bandits who often utilized the burgeoning rail networks for their criminal activities. With a force of 40 men under his direct command, Captain Sixkiller was tasked with policing Muskogee, which was widely considered one of the most dangerous towns in the entire Wild West. His men confronted a diverse array of criminal elements, including aggressive bootleggers, elusive cattle rustlers, brutal murderers, and daring train robbers. The challenges were immense, but Sixkiller’s leadership was unwavering.
Combating Lawlessness in a Dangerous Territory
The Indian Territory in the late 19th century was a complex tapestry of tribal governments, federal jurisdiction, and a haven for outlaws seeking to escape the law in other states. Captain Sam Sixkiller operated at the intersection of these forces, navigating a treacherous landscape where justice was often swift and violent. His dedication to upholding the law, despite constant threats, made him a figure of both respect and fear among the criminal underworld.
One of the most celebrated events during his six years as captain involved the notorious outlaw Dick Glass. Glass led a formidable gang known for horse rustling and bootlegging, activities that severely disrupted the peace and economic stability of the region. In June 1885, Sixkiller and his seasoned posse orchestrated an elaborate ambush for Glass and his gang near Colbert in the Chickasaw Nation. The confrontation was fierce and immediate. As the outlaws arrived, a barrage of six-shooter fire erupted. In the chaos of the melee, Sixkiller personally engaged Glass, ultimately shooting and incapacitating him. The coordinated efforts of Sixkiller’s posse led to the swift elimination or arrest of the remaining gang members, effectively dismantling a significant criminal enterprise. This incident solidified Sixkiller’s reputation as a fearless and effective lawman, willing to face down even the most hardened criminals.
The Tragic End of a Hero
Despite his many successes in bringing law and order to the Indian Territory, Sam Sixkiller’s life, like that of many frontier lawmen, met a tragic and premature end. On December 24, 1886, on Christmas Eve, Captain Sixkiller was senselessly murdered in Muskogee. The assailants were identified as two men, Dick Vann and Alf Cunningham, who reportedly held a deep grudge against the lawman for a prior encounter. Without warning or provocation, the pair ambushed Sixkiller, firing upon him before making their escape. His death sent shockwaves through the community, highlighting the ever-present dangers faced by those who dared to enforce the law in such a volatile era.
Legacy of Sam Sixkiller
The loss of Captain Sam Sixkiller was a profound blow to law enforcement in the Indian Territory. His brief but impactful career as a high sheriff, prison warden, U.S. Indian Police captain, U.S. Deputy Marshal, and railroad agent demonstrated an extraordinary commitment to justice and public safety. He was a symbol of strength and determination in an era defined by conflict and lawlessness. His legacy endures as a testament to the bravery of those who stood on the front lines, fighting to establish order in the American West. Sam Sixkiller’s story remains an important chapter in the history of frontier law enforcement and Native American leadership.
